Teaching LLMs to Reason: The Journey from Basic Prompting to Self-Generated Examples

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable strides in their ability to reason—to break down complex problems, apply logic systematically, and arrive at well-justified conclusions. This post explores the fascinating evolution of reasoning mechanisms in LLMs, tracking the progression from basic pattern-matching to sophisticated reasoning techniques that approach human-like problem-solving abilities.

The evolution of reasoning in Large Language Models from pattern matching to advanced reasoning techniques

The Major Breakthroughs in LLM Reasoning

Date
Research
Key Innovation
Impact
Jan 2023
Chain-of-Thought Prompting (Wei et al.)
Breaking problems into explicit steps
Doubled performance on complex reasoning tasks
March 2023
Self-Consistency (Wang et al.)
Multiple reasoning paths with majority voting
+10-18% improvement across reasoning tasks
March 2023
LLMs as Prompt Engineers (Zhou et al.)
Models generating and optimizing their own prompts
Outperformed human-crafted prompts
March 2024
Analogical Reasoning (ICLR 2024)
Self-generated examples for new problems
Eliminated need for human-created examples

Reasoning Challenge in LLMs
Early LLMs excelled at pattern recognition but struggled with multi-step reasoning. When faced with complex problems requiring logical deduction or mathematical calculation, 
these models would often:

Jump directly to incorrect conclusions

Fail to break down problems into manageable steps

Show inconsistent reasoning abilities

Struggle with problems requiring more than one or two logical steps
Gap between pattern matching in traditional LLMs and the requirements of multi-step reasoning tasks


This limitation wasn't surprising. Traditional training objectives didn't explicitly reward step-by-step reasoning—they simply encouraged models to predict the next token 
based on patterns in their training data.

Chain-of-Thought: The Breakthrough
The introduction of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting by Wei et al. in 2022 marked a pivotal moment in LLM reasoning capabilities. 
This technique demonstrated that large language models could perform complex reasoning when prompted to show their work.
How Chain-of-Thought Works
CoT prompting exists in two primary forms:
Few-Shot CoT: Providing explicit examples that include intermediate 
reasoning steps

Zero-Shot CoT: Simply instructing the model to "think step by step"

Key Findings About Chain-of-Thought
The research on Chain-of-Thought revealed several important insights:
Reasoning as an Emergent Ability
CoT reasoning is an emergent capability that appears only in sufficiently large models (typically ~100B+ parameters).

Dramatic Performance Improvements
On complex reasoning tasks like GSM8K (math word problems), performance more than doubled for large models using CoT prompting.

No Fine-tuning Required
This capability was achieved through prompting alone, without model modifications.

Enabling Multi-step Problem Solving
CoT allows models to break complex problems into manageable chunks.


Self-Consistency: Enhancing Chain-of-Thought
While CoT represented a breakthrough, it still had limitations. The follow-up research by Wang et al. (2022) on "Self-Consistency" addressed a 
critical weakness: reliance on a single reasoning path.
The Self-Consistency Approach
Rather than generating a single chain of thought, Self-Consistency:

Samples multiple diverse reasoning paths for the same problem
Lets each path reach its own conclusion
Takes the most consistent answer across all paths as the final answer



This approach mimics how humans gain confidence in solutions—when multiple different 
approaches lead to the same answer, we trust that result more.


LLMs as Analogical Reasoners
The next evolution in LLM reasoning came from understanding these models as analogical reasoners, introduced in research presented at ICLR 2024. 
This approach mirrors how humans tackle unfamiliar problems—by recalling similar challenges we've solved before.
The Analogical Prompting Method
Analogical prompting instructs LLMs to:

Self-generate relevant examples related to the current problem

Generate high-level conceptual knowledge about the problem domain

Apply this knowledge to solve the original problem



Key Advantages of Self-Generated Examples
This approach offers several benefits:
No manual labeling needed: Unlike few-shot CoT, no human needs to create examples

Problem-specific relevance: The examples are tailored to each specific problem type

Adaptability across domains: The technique works across mathematics, coding, and other domains

Implementation simplicity: Everything happens in a single prompt


From Reasoning to Meta-Reasoning: LLMs as Prompt Engineers
The most fascinating development is the discovery that LLMs can function as their own prompt engineers. Research by Zhou et al. on "Automatic Prompt Engineering" (APE) 
demonstrates that LLMs can generate and optimize instructions for other LLMs to follow.



This creates a meta-reasoning capability where:

One LLM generates candidate instructions based on examples

These instructions are tested on their effectiveness

The best-performing instructions are selected

The process iterates toward optimal prompting strategies

The Evolution of Reasoning Prompts
Through this research, we've seen a remarkable progression in the prompts used 
to elicit reasoning:
Basic CoT: Let's think step by step

Refined CoT: Let's work this out in a step by step way to be sure we have the right answer

Analogical CoT: Recall three relevant problems and their solutions followed by problem-solving

APE-generated prompts: Complex, automatically optimized instructions

Implications for AI Development
These advances in LLM reasoning have profound implications:
Emergent Capabilities: Reasoning appears to emerge at certain model scales, suggesting other cognitive abilities might similarly emerge with scale.

Human-Like Problem Solving: The success of analogical reasoning and self-consistency suggests LLMs might be modeling aspects of human cognition more 
closely than previously thought.

Reduced Need for Fine-Tuning: Many reasoning improvements come from better prompting rather than model modifications, potentially reducing the computational 
costs of improvement.

Meta-Learning Potential: LLMs' ability to generate effective prompts for themselves hints at meta-learning capabilities that could lead to more autonomous 
AI systems.

Conclusion
The evolution of reasoning in LLMs—from simple pattern matching to chain-of-thought to analogical reasoning and beyond—represents one of the most exciting trajectories 
in AI research.  These advances have not only improved performance on benchmark tasks but have 
also deepened our understanding of how these models function.

As research continues, we can expect further refinements in how we elicit reasoning from LLMs, potentially unlocking even more sophisticated 
problem-solving capabilities. 

The boundary between pattern recognition and true reasoning continues to blur, bringing us closer to AI systems that can tackle the full spectrum of human reasoning tasks.

What's particularly exciting is that many of these techniques are accessible to practitioners today through careful prompt engineering, making advanced reasoning capabilities 
available without requiring specialized model training or massive computational resources.

Welcome to Inference time compute! New Market that is getting created. This should give 
idea around deepseek moment :-)